Ms. Marvel
by G. Willow Wilson (Graphic Novel)

Hilda and the Troll
by Luke Pearson (Easy Reader) (Graphic Novel)

Sleepless Knight
by James Sturm (Easy Reader)

Fleas, Ticks and Heartworm

Fleas

The arrival of spring brings many beautiful flowers and blossoms on the trees. Unfortunately, the warm weather also beckons the emergence of fleas, ticks and mosquitoes. These insects pose health risks to people as well as dogs and cats. 

• Fleas suck blood from pets and can cause anemia, a decrease in the body’s red blood cell count.

• When a flea takes a blood meal, flea saliva is transferred into the host’s body. It is the flea saliva that causes an allergic response and severe itchiness experienced by some dogs and cats. 

• Fleas can also transmit tapeworms to dogs and cats and cause feline infectious anemia. 

Ticks

Ticks also carry several infectious diseases that pose a threat to pets. 

• Lyme disease is the most common illness transmitted by ticks. 

• Dogs are most commonly affected by Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial agent that causes Lyme disease, but cats, cattle and horses can also be affected.

• People can become very ill from Lyme disease.

• Lyme disease is very common in our area and the northeastern United States. It is also found in Wisconsin, Minnesota and parts of California. A recently  published study has shown the spread of Lyme disease in states previously at lower risk such as Illinois, Iowa, Virginia, Ohio and Michigan.  Patterns of Lyme infection in dogs serves as an important warning system for people. 

• Animals such as the white footed mouse and white tailed deer carry Borrelia burgdorferi, but do not become ill. 

• When a tick feeds on these wildlife, it picks up the bacteria. The tick then bites a dog or person and transmits the bacteria. 

• The tick must be attached for at least 24 hours in order to pass the bacteria. 

• Dogs cannot pass Lyme disease to people or other dogs; only ticks can transmit the disease.

• If your dog tests positive for Lyme disease, family members should consult their doctors since both the family and dog share the same environment

• Once a dog is bitten by a tick carrying Borrelia burgdorferi, it becomes “Lyme positive.” This does not mean it has Lyme disease, just that there has been exposure indicated by a blood test. 

• From the time a dog is exposed to the Lyme agent, it can take several months before any symptoms are seen. 

The typical clinical signs of Lyme disease in dogs include:

• Lameness

• Swollen joints

• Fever

• Lethargy/depression

• Decreased appetite

The good news is that most dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi do not develop Lyme disease. It is also favorable that dogs symptomatic for Lyme disease recover very quickly once antibiotics are started. There is a small percentage of dogs, however, that have persistent joint problems or suffer kidney damage related to Lyme disease. 

Besides Lyme disease, ticks can also cause diseases such as Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. These diseases cause similar symptoms to Lyme and are also treated with antibiotics. 

Heartworm

According to the Companion Animal Parasite Council, the incidence of tick borne disease in dogs is rising. The incidence of heart worm disease in the U.S. is also on the rise with a 21% increase in reported cases in the past 3 years.

Heart worm disease is transmitted by a different vector, the mosquito. 

• It can affect both dogs and cats, but it is seen more commonly in dogs. 

• Heartworms have also been identified in ferrets, wolves, coyotes, foxes, sea lions, and rarely in people.

• When a mosquito takes a blood meal from a dog, the immature form of the worm enters the dog’s skin. 

• Over about 6 months, the worm matures and will then mate and produce more worms. 

• The immature offspring called microfilaria circulate in the dog’s blood vessels. When a mosquito takes a blood meal, it will pick up the microfilaria and can infect other animals.

• Like Lyme disease, a dog with heartworm cannot pass it to another dog. It can however serve as a host for mosquitoes to pick up the microfilaria and spread heartworm.

• The adult worms live in the heart and nearby blood vessels. As the number of worms increases, the damage to the heart and lungs becomes worse. 

• The common symptoms are coughing, decreased ability or willingness to exercise, decreased appetite and resulting weight loss. 

• As the disease progresses, dogs will experience heart failure and another life threatening problem called caval syndrome. Caval syndrome requires immediate medical attention and is treated by literally removing the worms from within the patient’s heart. This is a dangerous procedure with many risks. 

• Unlike dogs, cats are atypical hosts for heartworm, so the worms are not as likely to develop into adults.

• Cats do not develop as many worms as dogs, but just a few heartworms in a cat can cause significant health problems.  

• Cats will show similar symptoms such as coughing, poor appetite, weight loss and sometimes vomiting. 

• Cats can also show signs of heart failure such as difficulty breathing and fluid in the abdomen. 

• Heartworm disease is diagnosed with a blood test. 

• There is a treatment available for dogs, but this harsh medication is not safe to use in heartworm positive cats. 

• Because there is no treatment for cats and the treatment for dogs can have serious side effects, prevention of heartworm disease is best. 

• Heartworm can be prevented by giving your pet a medication on a monthly basis. Year round prevention is recommended, even in cold climate areas. Heartworm has been identified in all 50 states.

• Many heartworm preventatives also help to prevent intestinal parasites and fleas, so there are multiple benefits. 

The American Heartworm Society recommends giving your pet heartworm preventative 12 months a year and to have a test done every 12 months.

It is a lot cheaper to prevent heartworm disease than to treat it!

For more information on heartworm disease and a cool video, visit

https://www.heartwormsociety.org/pet-owner-resources/heartworm-basics

For more information on Lyme disease and a great podcast, visit

https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/lyme-disease.aspx

Pets and Vaccines

Pets and Vaccines

What is a vaccine? A substance used to provide immunity against one or several diseases. It essentially teaches your body how to fight off infections. I just had Jem to the vet today for his annual vaccines. Let’s talk about how both kids and pets hate to get “shots” but why they are important. I wanted to address the controversy of parents refusing vaccines for their kids and how vaccines have become questionable in recent years. It is also the case for pets. I want to address the pros and cons of vaccines for pets.

Reasons why pet parents may not want to have their pets vaccinated:

1) Pet does not go outside

• Pet might go to groomer

• Pet might go to pet store

• Pet travels to vet

• Pet can unexpectedly escape from home and be exposed to wildlife outside

• Wild animals such as bats and raccoons which carry rabies can enter home

2) My pet was vaccinated and become sick anyway

Not all vaccines provide 100% immunity. Some will help to minimize the symptoms and    shorten the course of the illness.

3) The risk of tumor formation at the vaccine site in cats

• The risk is thought to be 1/10,000

• Veterinarians now administer vaccines in distal limbs so that the problem can be identified and managed. 

• When a link was established between a substance added to vaccines called an adjuvant, non-adjuvant containing vaccines were created. 

4) Adverse Reactions

An adverse reaction is an undesirable occurrence associated with the use of a medical product. Unfortunately, it is impossible to predict which pet might experience an adverse reaction to a vaccine. It is always recommended to schedule your pet for vaccines when you are able to be home and monitor it afterwards.

Reactions can vary from mild to severe. It is best to aware of what can happen and what signs to watch for.

Mild: achiness, sleepiness, local inflammation, pain

Moderate: hives, face swelling

Severe: auto-immune disorders (delayed), collapse, shock (immediate)

Puppies and kittens need to be vaccinated every 2-4 weeks from 6 to 16 weeks of age. 

Puppies and kittens receive immunity from their mothers, but over time, it this protection becomes less effective. That is why it is important for young pets to visit the vet often to receive vaccine boosters to ensure proper immunity against infectious diseases.

Not all vaccines are considered mandatory for each pet. The vaccines considered important for all pets are called “core” and those that are optional are called “non-core” vaccines. When deciding what is right for your pet, it is best to discuss this with your veterinarian. 

Canine Core Vaccines

• Rabies

• Canine distemper (affects respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems) Can be found in wildlife such as foxes, wolves, coyotes, racoons, skunks, ferrets, seals, lions, and tigers.

• Canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis) also found in foxes, coyotes, wolves

• Canine parvovirus (gastrointestinal tract)

Canine Non-Core Vaccines

• Bordatella (Kennel cough)

• Lyme 

• Leptospirosis

• Parainfluenza virus (canine flu)

As to whether your dog should receive these non-core vaccines depends on its lifestyle

Hiking vs. house dog

Pet sitter vs. kennel

Where you live such as city vs. rural area

Feline Core Vaccines

• Rabies

• Feline viral rhinotracheitis (upper respiratory)

• Calicivirus (upper respiratory)

• Panleukopenia, also called feline distemper/parvo – caused by the feline parvovirus, like canine parvo, it attacks rapidly dividing cells such as those in the bone marrow and intestines

Feline Non-Core Vaccines

Feline Leukemia virus – must test cat first to ensure it is negative

Feline immunodeficiency virus – feline AIDS

Feline leukemia virus can be transmitted through close contact. It should be considered for cats going spending time outdoors or cats which test negative for leukemia which are living in homes with cats which have tested positive for the virus. 

While other non-core feline vaccines are available, they are not commonly used or highly recommended.

Vaccine Titers

Pet owners who are looking to minimize vaccines for their dogs may opt to have their vet draw blood to measure antibody levels to determine whether they still have protection against a certain disease. Titers are not offered by all veterinary offices and are still considered controversial. Some veterinarians opt to give vaccines every 3 years as opposed to yearly. 

The April Selection

Dear Mr. Henshaw
by Beverly Cleary

Rebound
by Kawme Alexander (Novel in Verse)

Best Bad Babysitters Ever
by Caroline Cala (Series)

Wonderful, Wicked, And Whizzpopping: Maths Stories, Characters, And In-ventions of Roald Dahl
By Stella Caldwell